柔性数组
在C99标准之后,在结构体中最后一个元素允许是未知大小的,称之为柔性数组
- 一般定义为:
- 类型 变量名[]
- 注意:
- 结构体中,柔性数组前必须有变量
- 柔性数组必须定义在结构体的最后
- 示例:
struct CoolArr_s{
int len;
char arr[];
};
- -
- 如果编译器报错,则考虑把最后的 char arr[] 尝试替换为一下几种写法:
- char arr[0]
- char arr[1] (非常不推荐,如果这样声明后使用时会被认为是越界行为)
- 如果编译器报错,则考虑把最后的 char arr[] 尝试替换为一下几种写法:
- 使用 malloc(sizeof(int) + sizeof(char) * 长度) 申请内存空间
- 示例:
#include "stdio.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
struct CoolArr_s
{
int len;
char arr[];
};
int main()
{
//这里给arr的长度为10个char的大小
struct CoolArr_s* p = (struct CoolArr_s*)malloc(sizeof(int) + sizeof(char) * 10);
for (int i = 10; i--;)
{
(p->arr)[i] = i + '0';
printf("%d " ,(p->arr)[i]);
}
printf("\n CoolArr_s: %d, *p: %d\n", sizeof(struct CoolArr_s), sizeof(*p));
return 0;
}
- 运行结果:
- 那么这和直接把它定义为指针有什么区别呢?或者说它有什么好处呢?
- 首先从上面的例子的运行结果可见,结构体 CoolArr_s 的大小就是 int len 的大小。也就是说,柔性数组 char arr[] 并不会占一个指针的大小。数组名 arr 是一个常量地址,这个地址是紧接着 int len 的后面的地址。(数组名和指针是不同的)
- 其次就是柔性数组的内存空间是和结构体连续的,而声明为指针时,其指向的数组内存空间和结构体极大概率不是连续的。这一点在给一些函数传值时是非常重要的区别,比如 linux中的消息队列 相关的函数。
在C++中的柔性数组
注意:在c++中并不建议使用柔性数组,而应考虑使用array代替。即使它可以使用在struct和class中,但部分编译器是不支持这种操作的。
- 截止至2022(C++20标准):
- 在g++中是可以使用柔性数组的
- 在VS2022的MSVC中使用柔性数组,虽然可以运行,但会有警告:
- warning C4200: 使用了非标准扩展: 结构/联合中的零大小数组
- warning C6011: 取消对 NULL 指针 “xxx” 的引用
- 所以在c++中应考虑使用array容器代替。
- 示例(使用array容器代替上面的例子):
#include <iostream>
#include <array>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
//数组长度
const int len_arr = 10;
//定义数组
array<int, len_arr> arr;
//array::data()返回数组的首地址
//array::begin()返回的是迭代器iterator
int *arr_p = arr.data();
for (int i = len_arr; i--;)
{
arr_p[i] = i;
cout << arr[i] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
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