目录
问题
- 有的时候,程序运行后的输出结果会在cmd的输出提示之后:
- 本实验中是父进程创建了两个子进程,然后父进程输出 a 后结束,子进程分别输出 b c 后结束。
- 出现该问题其实就在于父进程可能比子进程先结束,此时cmd提示就会冒出来。
- 当我们在命令行里面输入命令并回车执行时,命令内容是交给了shell去执行,而shell是有很多种具体实现的程序:如 bath,zsh ...... 并且正在使用的 shell 是可以修改的。
- 需要查看自己的shell是谁,可以执行cmd命令:echo $SHELL
- cmd就会输出当前使用的shell的位置:
- 原因:我们在shell中运行我们写的实验程序($ ./fork_main)时,shell会等待fork_main这个进程结束,但fork_main里面又创建了两个子进程,shell是不管的,一旦shell启动的父进程fork_main结束,shell的提示(coolight@coolight-Desktop:~$)就会冒出来,而此时子进程才开始输出,因此会出现有些程序输出是在shell提示之后。
实验具体内容
实验内容
编写一段程序,使用系统调用fork( )创建两个子进程。当此程序运行时,在系统中有一个父进程和两个子进程活动。让每一个进程在屏幕上显示一个字符:父进程显示'a',子进程分别显示字符'b'和字符'c'。试观察记录屏幕上的显示结果,并分析原因。
涉及的系统调用
- fork()
- 创建一个新进程。
- 系统调用格式:
- pid=fork( )
- 参数定义:
- int fork( )
- fork( )返回值意义如下:
- 0:在子进程中,pid变量保存的fork( )返回值为0,表示当前进程是子进程。
- >0:在父进程中,pid变量保存的fork( )返回值为子进程的id值(进程唯一标识符)。
- -1:创建失败。
- 如果fork( )调用成功,它向父进程返回子进程的PID,并向子进程返回0,即fork( )被调用了一次,但返回了两次。此时OS在内存中建立一个新进程,所建的新进程是调用fork( )父进程(parent process)的副本,称为子进程(child process)。子进程继承了父进程的许多特性,并具有与父进程完全相同的用户级上下文。父进程与子进程并发执行。
- 核心为fork( )完成以下操作:
- (1)为新进程分配一进程表项和进程标识符,进入fork( )后,核心检查系统是否有足够的资源来建立一个新进程。若资源不足,则fork( )系统调用失败;否则,核心为新进程分配一进程表项和唯一的进程标识符。
- (2)检查同时运行的进程数目,超过预先规定的最大数目时,fork( )系统调用失败。
- (3)拷贝进程表项中的数据,将父进程的当前目录和所有已打开的数据拷贝到子进程表项中,并置进程的状态为“创建”状态。
- (4)子进程继承父进程的所有文件,对父进程当前目录和所有已打开的文件表项中的引用计数加1。
- (5)为子进程创建进程上、下文,进程创建结束,设子进程状态为“内存中就绪”并返回子进程的标识符。
- (6)子进程执行,虽然父进程与子进程程序完全相同,但每个进程都有自己的程序计数器PC(注意子进程的PC开始位置),然后根据pid变量保存的fork( )返回值的不同,执行了不同的分支语句。
- 例:
….. pid=fork( ); if (! pid) printf("I'm the child process!\n"); else if (pid>0) printf("I'm the parent process! \n"); else printf("Fork fail!\n"); …… |
….. pid=fork( ); if (! pid) printf("I'm the child process!\n"); else if (pid>0) printf("I'm the parent process!\n "); else printf("Fork fail!\n"); …… | ….. pid=fork( ); if (! pid) printf("I'm the child process!\n"); else if (pid>0) printf("I'm the parent process!\n "); else printf("Fork fail!\n"); …… |
源代码
#include <iostream>
#include <unistd.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "<< coolight | [软件202,2006300052,郑泳坤]" << endl;
int fork_num = fork();
if(fork_num == -1){
cout << "<< fork Error" << endl;
}else if(fork_num == 0){ //子进程
fork_num = fork();
if(fork_num == -1){
cout << "<< fork Error" << endl;
}else if(fork_num == 0){ //子进程
sleep(0.5);
cout << "c" << endl;
}else if(fork_num > 0){
sleep(0.5);
cout << "b" << endl;
}
}else if(fork_num > 0){
sleep(0.5);
cout << "a" << endl;
}
return 0;g
}
运行结果截图
思考
- 系统是怎样创建进程的?
- 主要是四个步骤
- 申请空白PCB(过程控制块)
- 为新工序分配资源
- 初始化PCB
- 将新进程插入就绪队列
- 当使用fork()创建时将复制父进程的PCB块,U区和内存图像到新进程。Fork()会用到写时复制,子进程会和父进程共享一些资源,直到有人对一部分数据进行写操作,才会真正开辟空间复制出来这一部分资源
- 主要是四个步骤
- 当首次调用新创建进程时,其入口在哪里?
- 父进程和子进程入口都在fork()函数调用的下一句指令代码。但由于fork()返回值不同,两者可以依据分支语句区分,然后后续执行不同的代码
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Link building includes acquiring links from other websites to your own. Such backlinks are seen as
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## Measuring the Success of Your Link Building Efforts
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### Measures to Track
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### Tweaking Your Plan
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## Frequent Errors in Link Building and How to Avoid Them
### Low-Quality Links
One of the frequent pitfalls is acquiring bad links from unrelated or dubious websites.
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### Too Much Optimization
Using keyword-rich hyperlink text frequently can lead
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While nofollow links aren’t pass search engine juice, they may nonetheless generate hits and
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## Upcoming Changes in Link Building
### Machine Learning and Link Building
As the evolution of machine learning, link building methods are becoming more sophisticated.
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### Voice Queries and Link Building
The increase of voice queries is transforming the method information is retrieved.
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Link building involves getting backlinks from other webpages to your
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The more reputable hyperlinks you possess, the higher your website’s likelihood of showing up higher on SERPs.
## Kinds of Links
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## Effective Link Building Strategies
### Content Creation & Marketing
Creating valuable posts that organically attracts links is a fundamental
method for efficient link building. Below are some suggestions:
– Write valuable content that solve frequent issues in your niche.
– Develop charts that show intricate information in an simple manner.
– Write comprehensive guides on subjects that are considered
valuable to your readers.
### Guest Blogging
Guest articles is an additional successful method to build valuable backlinks.
This includes producing articles for other blogs in your
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### Broken Link Repairing
Broken link fixing is a strategy that involves finding broken links on other sites and recommending your site
as a replacement. This not only aids the site owner repair their broken link but also offers you a high-quality hyperlink.
### Connecting and Networking
Building networks with other webmasters in your field is a sustainable technique for acquiring backlinks.
Here are some steps to follow:
– Get involved in online communities about your industry.
– Share other individuals’ articles and offer constructive feedback.
– Work together on shared projects such as research studies.
### Social Platforms
Distributing your articles on social platforms can enhance its visibility
and potential to acquire backlinks. Interact with your followers on platforms like
LinkedIn and Pinterest to create a robust digital footprint.
## Measuring the Performance of Your Link Building Strategy
### Software for Link Analysis
Several software are out there to assist you evaluate the success of
your link building strategy. Some well-known software include:
– GA
– Ahrefs’ SEO Tools
– Moz Pro
– SEMrush’s Tools
– Majestic’s Tools
### Measures to Monitor
When measuring the success of your link building strategy, take into
account the upcoming indicators:
– DA
– PA
– Number of referring domains
– Authority of backlinks
– Traffic referred by backlinks
### Tweaking Your Approach
Based on the information obtained from your assessment, modify your link building approach to
boost its effectiveness. It might entail emphasizing other types of posts, focusing on other sites,
or improving your contact method.
## Common Pitfalls in Link Building and How to Overcome Them
### Poor Links
One major typical pitfalls is obtaining low-quality
links from irrelevant or low-authority websites.
Those backlinks might harm your webpage’s SEO.
### Too Much Optimization
Utilizing over-optimized link text frequently can lead to punishments from Bing.
Strive for a natural mix of link text.
### Overlooking Nofollow Tags
While nofollow tags aren’t pass search engine juice, they can nonetheless drive visitors and improve visibility.
## Upcoming Changes in Link Building
### Artificial Intelligence and Hyperlink Strategy
With the evolution of AI, link building strategies are becoming more complex.
Machine learning tools can assist in identifying relevant link opportunities and predicting their effect on search engine ranking.
### Voice-Activated Search and Backlinks
The increase of voice queries has been changing the manner information is
consumed. This is likely to affect backlink acquisition by shifting importance to spoken queries and long-tail keywords.
## Conclusion
Successful link building is a crucial aspect of website optimization. By grasping the importance of high-quality backlinks, using diverse methods, and regularly monitoring
your campaigns, you are able to enhance your site’s credibility and achieve higher results on Bing.
By remaining informed with the latest trends and overcoming typical pitfalls, you can navigate the ever-changing world of website
optimization and reach enduring results.
## Grasping the Importance of Link Building
Link building entails acquiring links from other websites to
your own. Such backlinks are seen as votes of trust by
Google. The more high-quality links you have, the higher your webpage’s likelihood of appearing
higher on search engine results pages.
## Kinds of Backlinks
### Natural Links
Editorial links are acquired without any effort from
the webmaster. These links appear when other webmasters find
your content useful and cite it.
### Manual Links
Outreach links include actively acquiring links
from other webmasters. This can involve reaching out to bloggers, requesting links to your content.
### Self-Created Links
Self-Made links are built by placing your website’s link to directories.
While these links may provide a immediate boost, they usually have low quality and can lead to punishments from Google.
## Efficient Link Building Strategies
### Post Creation & Marketing
Creating high-quality articles that organically attracts links
is a basic technique for effective link building.
Listed below are some advice:
– Create informative articles that solve typical issues in your field.
– Design charts that show complex information in an simple way.
– Create extensive tutorials on topics that are considered relevant to your audience.
### Guest Articles
Guest articles is another efficient method to acquire valuable
backlinks. This includes producing posts for other blogs in your niche.
Ensure that your guest blogs are of high value and contain a link to your
website.
### Broken Link Repairing
Broken link fixing is a technique that entails locating broken links on other websites and recommending your content as a replacement.
This not only helps the website owner correct their broken link but additionally gives you a high-quality backlink.
### Outreach and Networking
Building connections with other site owners in your niche
is a enduring technique for link building.
Here are some actions to consider:
– Engage in discussion boards related to your niche.
– Promote other users’ posts and provide valuable comments.
– Collaborate on joint projects such as ebooks.
### Social Media
Sharing your content on social platforms can increase its reach and potential to get
hyperlinks. Interact with your followers on sites
like Facebook and Pinterest to build a solid brand.
## Evaluating the Effectiveness of Your Link
Building Strategy
### Tools for Link Analysis
Several applications are available to aid you measure the performance of your
link building campaign. Some well-known applications are:
– GA
– Ahrefs’ Site Explorer
– Moz’s Link Explorer
– SEMrush’s Backlink Audit
– Majestic’s Tools
### Indicators to Monitor
When assessing the success of your link building efforts,
take into account the next indicators:
– DA
– Page Rating
– Quantity of referring domains
– Authority of hyperlinks
– Traffic coming from hyperlinks
### Modifying Your Strategy
Based on the information collected from your evaluation, modify
your link building strategy to improve its performance.
This might entail focusing on various categories of articles, focusing on different websites, or improving your communication method.
## Frequent Pitfalls in Link Building and How to Prevent Them
### Bad Links
One major common pitfalls is acquiring low-quality links from unrelated or dubious websites.
Those backlinks can harm your webpage’s search engine ranking.
### Excessive Optimization
Using keyword-rich anchor text excessively can cause penalties from Google.
Aim for a balanced blend of link text.
### Ignoring Nofollow Tags
Even though nofollow tags do not pass SEO authority, they might nonetheless generate hits and build brand awareness.
## Emerging Trends in Link Building
### Artificial Intelligence and Backlink Acquisition
As the evolution of machine learning, link building strategies
are becoming more sophisticated. AI applications can assist in identifying relevant hyperlink prospects and anticipating the potential on search engine ranking.
### Voice Queries and Link Building
The growth of voice-activated search is altering the method
content is consumed. This will affect link building by changing emphasis to spoken queries
and specific search terms.
## Summary
Successful link building is a crucial aspect of SEO. By grasping
the significance of high-quality hyperlinks, implementing various strategies, and regularly evaluating your strategies, you are able to improve your site’s authority
and attain greater results on Bing.
By remaining current with the most recent developments and overcoming common mistakes,
you will operate in the constantly evolving world of SEO and reach sustainable results.
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## Understanding the Value of Link Building
Link building involves acquiring hyperlinks from other websites to your own. Those links are seen as approvals of credibility by Bing.
The more high-quality links you possess, the better your site’s probability of appearing more prominently on search results.
## Categories of Backlinks
### Organic Links
Natural links are acquired without work from the webmaster.
These links happen when other websites find your articles useful
and link to it.
### Manual Links
Outreach links involve actively acquiring links from other
websites. This can entail emailing website owners, requesting links to your
content.
### Self-Created Links
Self-Created links are built by inserting your website’s link
to blog comments. Even though these links can provide a immediate boost, they often include limited authority and
can cause sanctions from Google.
## Effective Link Building Techniques
### Content Creation & Marketing
Creating high-quality posts that organically earns links is a basic method for effective link building.
Below are some advice:
– Create high-quality content that address common issues in your field.
– Create infographics that present detailed information in an digestible way.
– Produce extensive manuals on areas that are
considered important to your audience.
### Guest Posting
Guest articles is a further efficient strategy to build
high-quality hyperlinks. This entails creating posts for
other websites in your field. Be certain that your guest blogs are of
high-quality and include a backlink to your website.
### Broken Link Building
Broken link building is a method that involves locating broken links on other pages and suggesting your content as a
replacement. This doesn’t just assists the site owner correct their broken link but additionally gives you a high-quality hyperlink.
### Contact and Collaboration
Building networks with other site owners in your field is a
enduring technique for building links. Here are some methods to take:
– Get involved in online communities about your field.
– Distribute other individuals’ content and give constructive feedback.
– Work together on collaborative efforts such as
research studies.
### Social Networks
Promoting your content on social media can increase its exposure and chance to get hyperlinks.
Interact with your community on sites like LinkedIn and Reddit to develop a robust online
presence.
## Measuring the Success of Your Link Building Campaign
### Applications for Link Analysis
Many applications are out there to aid you evaluate the effectiveness of your link building
campaign. Some popular applications such as:
– GA
– Ahrefs’ Site Explorer
– Moz
– SEMrush
– Majestic
### Indicators to Monitor
When measuring the effectiveness of your link building strategy, consider the next metrics:
– DA
– Page Authority
– Number of linking domains
– Relevance of links
– Hits referred by hyperlinks
### Modifying Your Plan
Depending on the results obtained from your assessment, tweak your link
building strategy to boost its effectiveness. This might include focusing on different types of
articles, aiming at other platforms, or updating your communication approach.
## Common Pitfalls in Link Building and How to Overcome Them
### Bad Links
One of the common errors is get bad links from irrelevant
or spammy pages. Such backlinks might harm your site’s
SEO.
### Over-Optimization
Using exact-match link text excessively can lead to punishments from search engines.
Strive for a balanced variety of link text.
### Ignoring Nofollow Links
Even though nofollow tags aren’t convey search engine authority, they might nonetheless generate traffic and
enhance visibility.
## Future Trends in Link Building
### AI and Backlink Acquisition
With the advancement of machine learning, link building methods are turning more advanced.
Machine learning tools can assist in discovering relevant link opportunities and predicting their impact on search engine ranking.
### Voice Search and SEO
The growth of voice-activated search has
been transforming the way data is accessed. This is likely to
affect link building by shifting emphasis to conversational phrases and long-tail keywords.
## Conclusion
Successful link building is a essential part of search engine optimization. By
understanding the significance of reputable hyperlinks,
implementing diverse techniques, and continuously
evaluating your strategies, you will boost your website’s authority and reach greater positions on Google.
By staying updated with the latest trends and avoiding frequent mistakes, you can operate in the constantly
evolving world of website optimization and attain sustainable performance.
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## Grasping the Value of Link Building
Link building includes getting backlinks from other sites to your own. Those
hyperlinks are seen as votes of trust by Google.
The more authoritative links you get, the greater your
webpage’s likelihood of showing up higher on search engine results pages.
## Types of Hyperlinks
### Natural Links
Natural links are acquired without requiring actions from the webmaster.
These links occur when other sites see your posts relevant
and cite it.
### Outreach Links
Manual links involve proactively acquiring links from other websites.
This can involve reaching out to bloggers, soliciting hyperlinks to your site.
### Self-Created Links
Self-Made links are created by inserting your site’s link
to directories. Although these links can provide a quick improvement, they often have low value and can lead to sanctions from search engines.
## Effective Link Building Techniques
### Post Creation & Marketing
Creating high-quality posts that naturally attracts links
is a fundamental strategy for effective link building.
Listed below are some advice:
– Write high-quality blog posts that answer typical questions
in your industry.
– Create infographics that show complex information in an digestible format.
– Write detailed manuals on topics that are thought to be
relevant to your readers.
### Guest Articles
Guest articles is a further effective method to build high-quality
links. This includes producing content for other blogs in your
field. Ensure that your guest posts are of high value and include a hyperlink to your
page.
### Broken Link Repairing
Broken link repairing is a technique that includes locating broken links on other websites and proposing your content as a replacement.
This doesn’t just assists the webmaster fix their broken link but additionally gives you a authoritative link.
### Connecting and Collaboration
Building relationships with other site owners in your field is
a sustainable strategy for link building. Listed below are some methods to
take:
– Engage in online communities pertaining to your niche.
– Promote other users’ content and give valuable feedback.
– Partner on joint projects such as research studies.
### Social Platforms
Distributing your posts on social networks can boost its visibility and potential to get
links. Participate with your followers on platforms like Twitter and Instagram to build a robust brand.
## Assessing the Performance of Your Link Building Efforts
### Applications for Link Analysis
Numerous applications are out there to aid you evaluate the success
of your link building strategy. Some commonly used applications include:
– Google Analytics
– Ahrefs’ SEO Tools
– Moz
– SEMrush
– Majestic SEO
### Metrics to Follow
When measuring the success of your link building campaign, take into account the upcoming metrics:
– DA
– PA
– Number of linking domains
– Authority of links
– Visitors coming from hyperlinks
### Tweaking Your Strategy
According to the information obtained from your assessment, modify your link building strategy to enhance its success.
It might include concentrating on different categories of posts, targeting different platforms, or improving your communication strategy.
## Common Pitfalls in Link Building and How to Overcome Them
### Low-Quality Links
One major typical errors is acquiring low-quality links
from unrelated or low-authority pages. These hyperlinks might harm your website’s SEO.
### Excessive Optimization
Employing keyword-rich anchor text excessively can result in punishments from Google.
Aim for a diverse variety of link text.
### Ignoring Nofollow Links
While nofollow tags aren’t pass SEO authority, they can still drive traffic
and enhance visibility.
## Emerging Changes in Link Building
### Artificial Intelligence and Link Building
With the advancement of machine learning, link building methods are becoming more advanced.
Machine learning software can help in discovering high-quality hyperlink prospects and forecasting their effect on site authority.
### Voice Search and SEO
The growth of voice search has been transforming
the way information is retrieved. This is likely to affect link building by altering the focus to conversational queries and detailed queries.
## Conclusion
Efficient link building is a crucial part of SEO. By grasping
the significance of high-quality hyperlinks, implementing diverse
techniques, and continuously monitoring your campaigns, you can enhance your site’s ranking and attain greater positions on Google.
By remaining current with the latest trends and preventing typical errors, you can move
through the constantly evolving realm of search engine optimization and
reach sustainable performance.
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