目录
模板
- 使用模板我们就可以写一个函数,而它的参数可以接收多种类型。比如:
// 普通函数, 只能接受 int 类型参数,如果传入其他类型需要类型转换
int sum(int a, int b) {
return (a + b);
}
double sum(double a, double b) {
return (a + b);
}
- 由于不管是 int 参数、double参数,我们的 sum 函数求和内部代码都是一样的 (a + b),那么写多遍就变得麻烦,因此我们可以用模板的代替,只写一次代码,然后编译器会帮我们生成多个版本出来:
// 模板
template<typename T>
T sum(T a, T b) {
return (a + b);
}
// 编译会生成:
int sum(int a, int b) {
return (a + b);
}
double sum(double a, double b) {
return (a + b);
}
- c++的模板是编译期就会展开的,编译期会根据你使用到的类型,生成 template <int> ... 版本、template<double> ... 版本,而原本写的 template<T> ... 其实就是一个配置一样,运行时是不存在的,只是为了告诉编译期应该怎么生成代码。
可变参数模板
- 上面的求和只能2个数求和,那我如果有3个、4个、5个 ... 呢,难道要都写一遍吗:
int sum(int a, int b, int c) {
return (a + b + c);
}
int sum(int a, int b, int c, int d) {
return (a + b + c + d);
}
// ......
- 这时就可以请出可变参数模板来了,我们可以用三个点 来表示参数个数是不确定的:
template<typename T>
T sum(T... args) {
// 展开求和
}
- 但展开这个参数包 args 并不是当成数组遍历的,而是需要通过递归来实现:
template<typename T>
T mysum(T item) {
return item;
}
template<typename T>
T mysum(T item, T... args) {
return mysum(item) + mysum(args);
}
/// 入口
template<typename T>
T sum(T... args) {
return mysum(args);
}
- 最后一个函数 T sum(T... args) 才是我们暴露给用户使用的函数,而它其实是把参数包 args 转给了mysum(T item, T... args),可见原本在 sum 的参数包被拆出第一个参数 item,和剩下的其他参数 args 调用 mysum,假如 args 不存在,则是直接调用了 mysum(T item)
- 而 mysum(T item, T... args) 干嘛了呢, 它将 item 传给 mysum(T item) 处理,并将剩下的传给了"自己"!是的,此时其实就是递归,但请注意,以往我们递归调用的是函数本身,但这次递归不一样,举个例子来看看:
- 假如我们现在要调用 sum 了:sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5),编译器就会生成接受5个参数的sum:
int sum(int arg0, int arg1, int arg2, int arg3, int arg4);
- 然后sum里面又调用了mysum,编译器接着按照mysum的声明,拆分sum传过来的5个参数为1 + 4生成:
int mysum(int item, int arg1, int arg2, int arg3, int arg4);
- 那接下来就看这个参数列表是 1+4 的mysum里面了,编译器先生成 mysum(T) 对应的 mysum(int):
int mysum(int item);
- 然后1+4的mysum里还把剩下的4个参数递归传给了自己这个模板,那就得把 4 再拆分成 1 + 3 生成mysum
int mysum(int item, int arg2, int arg3, int arg4);
- 到这里你可能已经理解它是怎么拆参数包的了,虽然叫递归,但其实每一次拆包调用的并不是函数本身,而是源于同一个模板生成的少一个参数的函数。
- 再往下就是接着生成:
int mysum(int item, int arg3, int arg4);
int mysum(int item, int arg4);
- 最终参数包 args 只有一个参数时就不用再生成了,它会直接去调用之前生成的 mysum(T item)
不定类型数量
- 前面的可变参数模板还不够彻底,它生成的函数接受的类型只有一个 T,那我能不能每一个参数类型都不一样呢?那么就需要对 template 那一行动手脚了:
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename ...Args>
T1 mysum(T2 item, Args... args);
- 可以看到,template内,我们单独声明了 返回值类型是 T1,第一个参数类型是 T2,而后面的参数类型则不确定,因此用 typename...Args 声明,在 mysum 的参数列表中 (T2 item, Args... args),Args...就表示args的数量是不确定的,由于Args本身类型数量也不确定,因此整体就表示 这里可以接受多个相同或不同类型的参数。
实现printf
- 有了上面的知识,实现printf就简单了,我们可以让它接收 第一个是字符串类型,然后加上多个任意类型的参数,并递归解析输出即可:
template<typename T>
int printNum(const std::string& str, int index, T&& item) {
auto doShift = true;
while (index < str.size()) {
if (index == (str.size() - 1) || str[index] != '%') {
cout << str[index];
++index;
}
else if(doShift) {
doShift = false;
++index;
switch (str[index]) {
case 's':
case 'd':
cout << item;
break;
}
++index;
}
else {
return index - 1;
}
}
return index - 1;
}
template<typename T, typename... Args>
int printNum(const std::string& str, int index, T&& item, Args&&... args) {
index = printNum(str, index, item);
return printNum(str, index + 1, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
}
template<typename ...Args>
void myPrintNum(const std::string& str, Args&&... args) {
int index = 0;
while (index < str.size()) {
if (str[index] != '%') {
cout << str[index];
++index;
}
else {
break;
}
}
index = printNum(str, index, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
++index;
while (index < str.size()) {
cout << str[index];
++index;
}
}
int main() {
// 调用,参数数量允许和字符串内数量不同,不会出错
myPrintNum("output: %d, %d, %d, %d ---", 123, 100.123, true);
return 0;
}
furosemide 40 mg: buy furosemide – furosemida 40 mg
buy cytotec https://cytotec.pro/# cytotec pills buy online
furosemide 100 mg
Next time I read a blog, I hope that it does not fail me just as much as this one. I mean, Yes, it was my choice to read, nonetheless I truly believed you would have something useful to talk about. All I hear is a bunch of crying about something that you can fix if you weren’t too busy looking for attention.
tamoxifen breast cancer prevention: buy tamoxifen citrate – tamoxifen postmenopausal
Abortion pills online: cheapest cytotec – cytotec buy online usa
Hey there! I simply wish to give you a big thumbs up for your excellent info you have got here on this post. I am coming back to your web site for more soon.
cytotec buy online usa https://lipitor.guru/# lipitor generic canada
lasix medication
lipitor brand name price: Atorvastatin 20 mg buy online – lipitor for sale
buy cytotec https://lipitor.guru/# buy lipitor
lasix furosemide
Very nice blog post. I definitely appreciate this site. Stick with it!
lasix 20 mg: generic lasix – lasix
buy cytotec over the counter http://furosemide.win/# lasix medication
lasix furosemide
tamoxifen for breast cancer prevention: tamoxifen benefits – natural alternatives to tamoxifen
I really like looking through a post that can make men and women think. Also, thanks for permitting me to comment.
Hiya, I am really glad I’ve found this information. Today bloggers publish just about gossips and web and this is actually irritating. A good site with interesting content, this is what I need. Thank you for keeping this site, I will be visiting it. Do you do newsletters? Can’t find it.
п»їcytotec pills online https://cytotec.pro/# buy cytotec pills online cheap
furosemide 100 mg
cytotec abortion pill: Misoprostol price in pharmacy – Abortion pills online
buy furosemide online: cheap lasix – lasix online
The venture capital investors are another type of debt financing.
For some people, federal student loans won’t cover all of college, and so financial aid advisers tend to suggest using federal loans as ways to close the gap between tuition and fees and scholarship and grant money.
Venezuela is to start selling its cryptocurrency “Petro” next month.
The rationale of a rolling turbo arises from a combination of a predictable course process of the base value stock and the promise of a proportionally higher profit than would be possible with the purchase of the base stock.
These companies have significant ideas and professional group members but are usually lacking in the financial capital needed.
buy cytotec over the counter http://tamoxifen.bid/# tamoxifen alternatives
lasix side effects
purchase cytotec http://lisinopril.guru/# price of lisinopril 5mg
furosemide 100 mg
An impressive share! I’ve just forwarded this onto a coworker who had been conducting a little homework on this. And he in fact bought me dinner due to the fact that I discovered it for him… lol. So allow me to reword this…. Thanks for the meal!! But yeah, thanx for spending some time to discuss this subject here on your web site.
lipitor 80 mg: Atorvastatin 20 mg buy online – buy lipitor online uk
You have made some really good points there. I checked on the net to find out more about the issue and found most people will go along with your views on this web site.
buy cytotec over the counter https://lisinopril.guru/# prinivil 40 mg
lasix generic name
https://lipitor.guru/# buy lipitor from india
https://furosemide.win/# lasix dosage
medicine lisinopril 10 mg: Buy Lisinopril 20 mg online – lisinopril 20 mg price in india
lipitor 10mg price australia: cheapest ace inhibitor – where to buy lipitor
Excellent blog you have got here.. It’s hard to find excellent writing like yours these days. I honestly appreciate individuals like you! Take care!!
cytotec online: cheapest cytotec – order cytotec online
cost of lipitor in mexico: price canada lipitor 20mg – buy generic lipitor online
buy cytotec in usa http://lisinopril.guru/# lisinopril brand name in india
lasix dosage
http://tamoxifen.bid/# tamoxifen dose
https://tamoxifen.bid/# nolvadex pills
buy cytotec pills https://tamoxifen.bid/# tamoxifen pill
buy lasix online
nolvadex d: buy tamoxifen online – tamoxifen for men
http://tamoxifen.bid/# tamoxifen for men
https://lisinopril.guru/# lipinpril
I like looking through a post that can make people think. Also, thank you for allowing me to comment.
cytotec abortion pill https://tamoxifen.bid/# tamoxifen bone density
lasix uses
You’ve made some good points there. I looked on the web for more information about the issue and found most people will go along with your views on this web site.
tamoxifen reviews: buy tamoxifen online – clomid nolvadex
average cost of generic lipitor: buy lipitor 20mg – brand name lipitor price
buy misoprostol over the counter: buy misoprostol tablet – cytotec online
cheapest price for lisinopril india: Buy Lisinopril 20 mg online – buy lisinopril without a prescription