目录
模板
- 使用模板我们就可以写一个函数,而它的参数可以接收多种类型。比如:
// 普通函数, 只能接受 int 类型参数,如果传入其他类型需要类型转换
int sum(int a, int b) {
return (a + b);
}
double sum(double a, double b) {
return (a + b);
}
- 由于不管是 int 参数、double参数,我们的 sum 函数求和内部代码都是一样的 (a + b),那么写多遍就变得麻烦,因此我们可以用模板的代替,只写一次代码,然后编译器会帮我们生成多个版本出来:
// 模板
template<typename T>
T sum(T a, T b) {
return (a + b);
}
// 编译会生成:
int sum(int a, int b) {
return (a + b);
}
double sum(double a, double b) {
return (a + b);
}
- c++的模板是编译期就会展开的,编译期会根据你使用到的类型,生成 template <int> ... 版本、template<double> ... 版本,而原本写的 template<T> ... 其实就是一个配置一样,运行时是不存在的,只是为了告诉编译期应该怎么生成代码。
可变参数模板
- 上面的求和只能2个数求和,那我如果有3个、4个、5个 ... 呢,难道要都写一遍吗:
int sum(int a, int b, int c) {
return (a + b + c);
}
int sum(int a, int b, int c, int d) {
return (a + b + c + d);
}
// ......
- 这时就可以请出可变参数模板来了,我们可以用三个点 来表示参数个数是不确定的:
template<typename T>
T sum(T... args) {
// 展开求和
}
- 但展开这个参数包 args 并不是当成数组遍历的,而是需要通过递归来实现:
template<typename T>
T mysum(T item) {
return item;
}
template<typename T>
T mysum(T item, T... args) {
return mysum(item) + mysum(args);
}
/// 入口
template<typename T>
T sum(T... args) {
return mysum(args);
}
- 最后一个函数 T sum(T... args) 才是我们暴露给用户使用的函数,而它其实是把参数包 args 转给了mysum(T item, T... args),可见原本在 sum 的参数包被拆出第一个参数 item,和剩下的其他参数 args 调用 mysum,假如 args 不存在,则是直接调用了 mysum(T item)
- 而 mysum(T item, T... args) 干嘛了呢, 它将 item 传给 mysum(T item) 处理,并将剩下的传给了"自己"!是的,此时其实就是递归,但请注意,以往我们递归调用的是函数本身,但这次递归不一样,举个例子来看看:
- 假如我们现在要调用 sum 了:sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5),编译器就会生成接受5个参数的sum:
int sum(int arg0, int arg1, int arg2, int arg3, int arg4);
- 然后sum里面又调用了mysum,编译器接着按照mysum的声明,拆分sum传过来的5个参数为1 + 4生成:
int mysum(int item, int arg1, int arg2, int arg3, int arg4);
- 那接下来就看这个参数列表是 1+4 的mysum里面了,编译器先生成 mysum(T) 对应的 mysum(int):
int mysum(int item);
- 然后1+4的mysum里还把剩下的4个参数递归传给了自己这个模板,那就得把 4 再拆分成 1 + 3 生成mysum
int mysum(int item, int arg2, int arg3, int arg4);
- 到这里你可能已经理解它是怎么拆参数包的了,虽然叫递归,但其实每一次拆包调用的并不是函数本身,而是源于同一个模板生成的少一个参数的函数。
- 再往下就是接着生成:
int mysum(int item, int arg3, int arg4);
int mysum(int item, int arg4);
- 最终参数包 args 只有一个参数时就不用再生成了,它会直接去调用之前生成的 mysum(T item)
不定类型数量
- 前面的可变参数模板还不够彻底,它生成的函数接受的类型只有一个 T,那我能不能每一个参数类型都不一样呢?那么就需要对 template 那一行动手脚了:
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename ...Args>
T1 mysum(T2 item, Args... args);
- 可以看到,template内,我们单独声明了 返回值类型是 T1,第一个参数类型是 T2,而后面的参数类型则不确定,因此用 typename...Args 声明,在 mysum 的参数列表中 (T2 item, Args... args),Args...就表示args的数量是不确定的,由于Args本身类型数量也不确定,因此整体就表示 这里可以接受多个相同或不同类型的参数。
实现printf
- 有了上面的知识,实现printf就简单了,我们可以让它接收 第一个是字符串类型,然后加上多个任意类型的参数,并递归解析输出即可:
template<typename T>
int printNum(const std::string& str, int index, T&& item) {
auto doShift = true;
while (index < str.size()) {
if (index == (str.size() - 1) || str[index] != '%') {
cout << str[index];
++index;
}
else if(doShift) {
doShift = false;
++index;
switch (str[index]) {
case 's':
case 'd':
cout << item;
break;
}
++index;
}
else {
return index - 1;
}
}
return index - 1;
}
template<typename T, typename... Args>
int printNum(const std::string& str, int index, T&& item, Args&&... args) {
index = printNum(str, index, item);
return printNum(str, index + 1, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
}
template<typename ...Args>
void myPrintNum(const std::string& str, Args&&... args) {
int index = 0;
while (index < str.size()) {
if (str[index] != '%') {
cout << str[index];
++index;
}
else {
break;
}
}
index = printNum(str, index, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
++index;
while (index < str.size()) {
cout << str[index];
++index;
}
}
int main() {
// 调用,参数数量允许和字符串内数量不同,不会出错
myPrintNum("output: %d, %d, %d, %d ---", 123, 100.123, true);
return 0;
}
http://kamagrait.pro/# Farmacia online piГ№ conveniente
viagra naturale: viagra generico – viagra ordine telefonico
Greetings from Florida! I’m bored at work so I decided to check out your website on my iphone during lunch break. I enjoy the info you present here and can’t wait to take a look when I get home. I’m shocked at how fast your blog loaded on my phone .. I’m not even using WIFI, just 3G .. Anyhow, wonderful blog!
acquistare farmaci senza ricetta: Cialis generico prezzo – farmaci senza ricetta elenco
You ought to be a part of a contest for one of the most useful blogs on the net. I am going to recommend this web site!
farmacia online piГ№ conveniente: avanafil generico – farmacie online autorizzate elenco
comprare farmaci online all’estero: Avanafil a cosa serve – farmacia online
farmacie online affidabili: avanafil in farmacia – farmaci senza ricetta elenco
Farmacie online sicure: Farmacie online sicure – farmacie online affidabili
comprare farmaci online all’estero: Tadalafil generico migliore – top farmacia online
incest porn
Hi, I do believe this is a great web site. I stumbledupon it 😉 I may come back once again since I book-marked it. Money and freedom is the best way to change, may you be rich and continue to help others.
Many thanks for the fantastic post C I’d fun reading it! That i love this blog.
You really make it seem so easy with your presentation but I find this topic to be really something that I think I would never understand. It seems too complex and extremely broad for me. I’m looking forward for your next post, I will try to get the hang of it!
I like this site so much, saved to bookmarks.
https://cytotecbestprice.pro/# cytotec online
order cheap propecia pill: buy propecia tablets – buying cheap propecia without a prescription
https://propeciabestprice.pro/# buy cheap propecia pills
buy propecia online: cost propecia without a prescription – cost of cheap propecia tablets
get generic propecia price: get cheap propecia – cost generic propecia price
tamoxifen hormone therapy: nolvadex pct – tamoxifen hip pain
cost of cheap propecia without a prescription: cost propecia prices – cost cheap propecia for sale
buy zithromax online cheap: cheap zithromax pills – zithromax cost
https://prednisonebestprice.pro/# prednisone 10 mg tablets
zithromax online australia: zithromax prescription – zithromax 1000 mg pills
My spouse and i have been so contented Raymond managed to finish off his investigation through the precious recommendations he gained using your web pages. It’s not at all simplistic to just possibly be making a gift of secrets and techniques which often most people have been trying to sell. And we also grasp we have you to be grateful to for this. The specific illustrations you’ve made, the easy blog menu, the relationships you make it easier to instill – it’s got most amazing, and it’s leading our son and us know that the concept is exciting, and that is particularly pressing. Thanks for the whole thing!
http://prednisonebestprice.pro/# buy prednisone without a prescription
where can i buy prednisone online without a prescription: 10mg prednisone daily – prednisone pack
get cheap propecia pill: get propecia without rx – cost of propecia without insurance
https://prednisonebestprice.pro/# prednisone 5 tablets
buy misoprostol over the counter: cytotec online – buy cytotec
incest porn
http://propeciabestprice.pro/# buying cheap propecia without prescription
ordering prednisone: prednisone 25mg from canada – prednisone 30
Aw, this was a very good post. Taking a few minutes and actual effort to make a very good article… but what can I say… I hesitate a whole lot and never seem to get nearly anything done.
prednisone buy cheap: purchase prednisone canada – where can i order prednisone 20mg
prednisone 20 mg pill: cost of prednisone – apo prednisone
http://nolvadexbestprice.pro/# tamoxifen citrate
zithromax cost canada: buy zithromax online fast shipping – buy zithromax online fast shipping
zithromax z-pak price without insurance: order zithromax without prescription – zithromax 250 mg
tamoxifen hot flashes: where can i buy nolvadex – low dose tamoxifen
slot
tamoxifen adverse effects: tamoxifen estrogen – tamoxifen for gynecomastia reviews
http://nolvadexbestprice.pro/# tamoxifen citrate pct
http://zithromaxbestprice.pro/# zithromax buy online no prescription
steroids prednisone for sale: prednisone brand name canada – prednisone otc uk
obviously like your website but you need to test the spelling on quite a few of your posts Several of them are rife with spelling problems and I to find it very troublesome to inform the reality on the other hand Ill certainly come back again
I was recommended this website by my cousin I am not sure whether this post is written by him as nobody else know such detailed about my difficulty You are wonderful Thanks
http://zithromaxbestprice.pro/# zithromax generic cost
generic prednisone tablets: 54 prednisone – prednisone oral