目录
模板
- 使用模板我们就可以写一个函数,而它的参数可以接收多种类型。比如:
// 普通函数, 只能接受 int 类型参数,如果传入其他类型需要类型转换
int sum(int a, int b) {
return (a + b);
}
double sum(double a, double b) {
return (a + b);
}
- 由于不管是 int 参数、double参数,我们的 sum 函数求和内部代码都是一样的 (a + b),那么写多遍就变得麻烦,因此我们可以用模板的代替,只写一次代码,然后编译器会帮我们生成多个版本出来:
// 模板
template<typename T>
T sum(T a, T b) {
return (a + b);
}
// 编译会生成:
int sum(int a, int b) {
return (a + b);
}
double sum(double a, double b) {
return (a + b);
}
- c++的模板是编译期就会展开的,编译期会根据你使用到的类型,生成 template <int> ... 版本、template<double> ... 版本,而原本写的 template<T> ... 其实就是一个配置一样,运行时是不存在的,只是为了告诉编译期应该怎么生成代码。
可变参数模板
- 上面的求和只能2个数求和,那我如果有3个、4个、5个 ... 呢,难道要都写一遍吗:
int sum(int a, int b, int c) {
return (a + b + c);
}
int sum(int a, int b, int c, int d) {
return (a + b + c + d);
}
// ......
- 这时就可以请出可变参数模板来了,我们可以用三个点 来表示参数个数是不确定的:
template<typename T>
T sum(T... args) {
// 展开求和
}
- 但展开这个参数包 args 并不是当成数组遍历的,而是需要通过递归来实现:
template<typename T>
T mysum(T item) {
return item;
}
template<typename T>
T mysum(T item, T... args) {
return mysum(item) + mysum(args);
}
/// 入口
template<typename T>
T sum(T... args) {
return mysum(args);
}
- 最后一个函数 T sum(T... args) 才是我们暴露给用户使用的函数,而它其实是把参数包 args 转给了mysum(T item, T... args),可见原本在 sum 的参数包被拆出第一个参数 item,和剩下的其他参数 args 调用 mysum,假如 args 不存在,则是直接调用了 mysum(T item)
- 而 mysum(T item, T... args) 干嘛了呢, 它将 item 传给 mysum(T item) 处理,并将剩下的传给了"自己"!是的,此时其实就是递归,但请注意,以往我们递归调用的是函数本身,但这次递归不一样,举个例子来看看:
- 假如我们现在要调用 sum 了:sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5),编译器就会生成接受5个参数的sum:
int sum(int arg0, int arg1, int arg2, int arg3, int arg4);
- 然后sum里面又调用了mysum,编译器接着按照mysum的声明,拆分sum传过来的5个参数为1 + 4生成:
int mysum(int item, int arg1, int arg2, int arg3, int arg4);
- 那接下来就看这个参数列表是 1+4 的mysum里面了,编译器先生成 mysum(T) 对应的 mysum(int):
int mysum(int item);
- 然后1+4的mysum里还把剩下的4个参数递归传给了自己这个模板,那就得把 4 再拆分成 1 + 3 生成mysum
int mysum(int item, int arg2, int arg3, int arg4);
- 到这里你可能已经理解它是怎么拆参数包的了,虽然叫递归,但其实每一次拆包调用的并不是函数本身,而是源于同一个模板生成的少一个参数的函数。
- 再往下就是接着生成:
int mysum(int item, int arg3, int arg4);
int mysum(int item, int arg4);
- 最终参数包 args 只有一个参数时就不用再生成了,它会直接去调用之前生成的 mysum(T item)
不定类型数量
- 前面的可变参数模板还不够彻底,它生成的函数接受的类型只有一个 T,那我能不能每一个参数类型都不一样呢?那么就需要对 template 那一行动手脚了:
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename ...Args>
T1 mysum(T2 item, Args... args);
- 可以看到,template内,我们单独声明了 返回值类型是 T1,第一个参数类型是 T2,而后面的参数类型则不确定,因此用 typename...Args 声明,在 mysum 的参数列表中 (T2 item, Args... args),Args...就表示args的数量是不确定的,由于Args本身类型数量也不确定,因此整体就表示 这里可以接受多个相同或不同类型的参数。
实现printf
- 有了上面的知识,实现printf就简单了,我们可以让它接收 第一个是字符串类型,然后加上多个任意类型的参数,并递归解析输出即可:
template<typename T>
int printNum(const std::string& str, int index, T&& item) {
auto doShift = true;
while (index < str.size()) {
if (index == (str.size() - 1) || str[index] != '%') {
cout << str[index];
++index;
}
else if(doShift) {
doShift = false;
++index;
switch (str[index]) {
case 's':
case 'd':
cout << item;
break;
}
++index;
}
else {
return index - 1;
}
}
return index - 1;
}
template<typename T, typename... Args>
int printNum(const std::string& str, int index, T&& item, Args&&... args) {
index = printNum(str, index, item);
return printNum(str, index + 1, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
}
template<typename ...Args>
void myPrintNum(const std::string& str, Args&&... args) {
int index = 0;
while (index < str.size()) {
if (str[index] != '%') {
cout << str[index];
++index;
}
else {
break;
}
}
index = printNum(str, index, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
++index;
while (index < str.size()) {
cout << str[index];
++index;
}
}
int main() {
// 调用,参数数量允许和字符串内数量不同,不会出错
myPrintNum("output: %d, %d, %d, %d ---", 123, 100.123, true);
return 0;
}
What i do not understood is in truth how you are not actually a lot more smartlyliked than you may be now You are very intelligent You realize therefore significantly in the case of this topic produced me individually imagine it from numerous numerous angles Its like men and women dont seem to be fascinated until it is one thing to do with Woman gaga Your own stuffs nice All the time care for it up
mexican drugstore online: mexico drug stores pharmacies – mexican mail order pharmacies
buying prescription drugs in mexico online: buying prescription drugs in mexico online – mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
I have read some excellent stuff here Definitely value bookmarking for revisiting I wonder how much effort you put to make the sort of excellent informative website
I was suggested this web site by my cousin Im not sure whether this post is written by him as no one else know such detailed about my trouble You are incredible Thanks
mexican mail order pharmacies: medicine in mexico pharmacies – mexican rx online
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs reputable mexican pharmacies online buying from online mexican pharmacy
untrustable
mexico drug stores pharmacies: mexican mail order pharmacies – п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
reputable mexican pharmacies online: best online pharmacies in mexico – best online pharmacies in mexico
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies: mexican mail order pharmacies – mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
Pretty nice post. I simply stumbled upon your weblog and wished to mention that I have truly loved surfing around your weblog posts. In any case I’ll be subscribing on your rss feed and I am hoping you write once more soon!
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs mexico pharmacy mexico drug stores pharmacies
purple pharmacy mexico price list buying from online mexican pharmacy mexican mail order pharmacies
buying prescription drugs in mexico: medication from mexico pharmacy – buying from online mexican pharmacy
mexican drugstore online: mexican rx online – buying from online mexican pharmacy
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs: mexican rx online – mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
buying prescription drugs in mexico online: purple pharmacy mexico price list – medication from mexico pharmacy
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs mexico pharmacy mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa: pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa – medicine in mexico pharmacies
medicine in mexico pharmacies: pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa – purple pharmacy mexico price list
mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa: п»їbest mexican online pharmacies – best online pharmacies in mexico
mexican pharmacy п»їbest mexican online pharmacies mexican rx online
mexican mail order pharmacies: mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs – mexican rx online
medication from mexico pharmacy: mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs – mexico drug stores pharmacies
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs: pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa – mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa: medicine in mexico pharmacies – mexico drug stores pharmacies
medication from mexico pharmacy best online pharmacies in mexico mexico pharmacy
reputable mexican pharmacies online mexican pharmaceuticals online mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs: mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs – buying prescription drugs in mexico
buying prescription drugs in mexico: buying prescription drugs in mexico online – purple pharmacy mexico price list
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs: mexico drug stores pharmacies – п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
medicine in mexico pharmacies: buying from online mexican pharmacy – mexico drug stores pharmacies
buying from online mexican pharmacy medication from mexico pharmacy mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
medicine in mexico pharmacies: buying prescription drugs in mexico online – medication from mexico pharmacy
buying prescription drugs in mexico online: mexican rx online – purple pharmacy mexico price list
mexico drug stores pharmacies: pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa – mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
It’s hard to find knowledgeable people on this topic, but you sound like you know what you’re talking about! Thanks
mexico drug stores pharmacies medication from mexico pharmacy mexican pharmaceuticals online
mexican rx online: mexican mail order pharmacies – п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
mexican rx online: mexican rx online – mexican pharmaceuticals online
mexican mail order pharmacies: buying from online mexican pharmacy – best online pharmacies in mexico
buying prescription drugs in mexico mexican mail order pharmacies mexican pharmaceuticals online
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs mexico drug stores pharmacies mexican drugstore online
mexican pharmaceuticals online: buying from online mexican pharmacy – п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
hacklink
purple pharmacy mexico price list: mexican pharmaceuticals online – mexican pharmaceuticals online
medicine in mexico pharmacies buying prescription drugs in mexico online mexican drugstore online
buying prescription drugs in mexico online: mexico drug stores pharmacies – mexican mail order pharmacies
medicine in mexico pharmacies: mexican rx online – mexican mail order pharmacies